Esters

• The functional group:

Ethyl methanoate is one of the simplest esters

Examples:

ethyl pentanoate

butyl propanoate

Esterfication

• Esters are formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

Alicycles and Aromatics

-Carbon chains can form 2 types of closed loops
-Alicyclics are loops usually made with single bonds
-If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: "cyclo" is added infront of the parent chain

There are 3 different ways to draw organic compounds:

1. Complete structural diagram
2. Condensed structural diagram
3. Line Diagram (mostly used because its way easier to draw and you dont have to include all the hydrogens) :)

*Numbering can start anywhere and go clockwise or counterclockwise on the loop but side chain numbers MUST be the lowest possible!*

Examples:

Amines and Amides

Amines
-are funtion groups that contain a Nitrogen compound bonded to either Hydrogens or Carbons


- Primary amines have 1 carbon chain
- Secondary Amines have 2 carbon chains
- Tertiary amines have 3 carbon chains

Examples:
ethyl methyl amine

trimethyl amine

Amides
- are functional groups with CONH3

-name the alkyl (carbon) chain and add -amide ending
-The simplest amide is ethanamide 



Example
Name the following amides:
Propanamide

Ethers

Ethers

An Ether contains an oxygen group connected to two alkyl (carbon) chain

•  Name the smaller alkyl group first, then the second alkyl group followed by ether

example:

•  draw the chemical formula for dimethyl ether.

Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes have double carbon bonds and Alkynes have triple carbon bonds. Multiple bonds form fewer hydrogens are attached to the carbon atoms. The naming rules are almost the same as with alkanes. ( The position of the double/triple bonds always has the lower possible number and is put in front of the parent chain.)

• Double bonds (Alkenes) has the suffix -ene
• Triple bonds (Alkynes) has the suffix -yne

2 Butene

This is called 2 Butene because there is one double bond so the suffix ends in -ene, and there is also 4 carbons therefore the prefix is but-. The number 2 determines which carbon the double bond takes place. (bonds are in between 2 carbons so we take the lowest possible number)

4  methyl 1 pentyne

This is called 2 methyl 1 pentyne because there is one triple bond so the suffix ends in -yne, and there is also 5 carbons (longest chain) therefore the prefix is pent-. The number 1 determines which carbon the triple bond takes place. (bonds are in between 2 carbons so we take the lowest possible number) Since the carbon with the triple bond is at 1, counting to the left, methyl should be at 4. The name would be 4 methyl 1 pentyne.

Multiple bonds

 1,2 propadiene

This has 2 triple bonds so determine where the bonds take place. 1 and 2. prefix is propa for 3 carbons, and suffix in -ene because its a double bond. Since there is 2 double bonds we need a multiplier in between. di. 

Trans and Cis

 If two carbon bonds are bonded by a double bond and have side chains on them, two possible compounds are possible.

Carboxylic Acids

Few rules to naming Carboxylic Acids:

1. Standing naming rules for these compounds
2. Carboxylic Acids are formed by the fuction group 
3. Change the ending to the compound to ac instead of the regular ane, ene, or yne 

Aldehydes

Things to remember for Aldehydes 

1. An aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of a chain 
2. The simplest aldehyde is methanal also called formaldehyde 
3. Follow the standard rules 
4. Change the ending to Al instead of the regular ane,ene, or yne 
5. Be careful when naming Aldehydes do not get them confused with alcohols 

Ketones

Few things to remember when finding out a Ketone

1. There is a double bonded oxygen that is NOT on either end meaning that the double bonded O will not be bonded to the last CH it will bonded to a CH in the middle. 
2. A ketone will have a one ending 

Halides

Few steps to naming a Halide and knowing which compound is a Halide:

1. Same nomenclature 
2. Still use di, tri, tetra and so on. 
3. The endings for each of the Halides will still be the same, such as ane, ene, or yne. Depending on what kind of compound you get. 
4. Cl will not be chlorine but will be changed to chloro
5. Br will not be bromine but will be changed to bromo
6. I will not iodine but will be changed to iodo
7. Prefixes will also be the same as well 

Alcohols

3 important rules in naming Alcohols 

1. Same nomenclature 
2. Ends in ol   instead of ending in ane, ene, or yne
3. An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a OH bonded to it 

You will know if this is an alcohol if you see that it is bonded to an OH, this is a big hint on naming compounds. 
The following compounds below are methanol and ethanol.